b/c Ireland never came in direct contact w/ Rome, it is the only Celtic country w/ an unbroken Celtic culture from the bronze age to the arrival of Christianity
social structure developed in a way unique to celtic countries: the clan system
The Irish captured slaves in Britain who were christian
Roman church sent missionaries to Ireland before Saint Patrick
The significance of Saint Patrick is that he converted the north of Ireland to Christianity
Clan system 4th to 6th century
hundreds of small groups - no sense of kingship
christian missionaries established centers of learning throughout Ireland so that by 8th century Ireland had a thrivi9ng catholic church
by early 800s Ireland was a distinctly christian country
eremitic/ ascetic Christianity - Christianity practiced by hermits
golden age - period when vikings are sacking Ireland, golden age of Irish Christianity 6-9 AD
The Culture of monastiscism created illustrated manuscripts
vikings founded Ireland’s largest ports, didn’t go into interior
Brian Boru- chieftan who rose to high king of Ireland
put an end to the viking domination of Ireland
defeated vikings at battle of clantarf
up to 1160s (about 100 yrs) we can speak of Ireland as a nation
led to collapse of viking Ireland
Norman’s arrive and settle in Dublin and surrounding counties and built a wall around it
“pale’
if something is too much to tolerate, it is beyond the pale, outside of civilized society
Henry the 8th establishes Anglican church
Ireland remains catholic
1534 Act of Supremacy Royal Supremacy is specifically used to describe the legal soverignty of the civil laws over the laws of church in England
1641 civil war between Puritans and those loyal to British crown
executed the king
Oliver Cromwell becomes lord protector
Cromwell led a Parliamentary invasion of Ireland from 1649–50. Parliament’s key opposition was the military threat posed by the alliance of the Irish Confederate Catholicsand English royalists (signed in 1649). The Confederate-Royalist alliance was judged to be the biggest single threat facing the Commonwealth. However, the political situation in Ireland in 1649 was extremely fractured: there were also separate forces of Irish Catholics who were opposed to the royalist alliance, and Protestant royalist forces that were gradually moving towards Parliament. Cromwell said in a speech to the army Council on 23 March that “I had rather be overthrown by a Cavalierish interest than a Scotch interest; I had rather be overthrown by a Scotch interest than an Irish interest and I think of all this is the most dangerous”.[38]
Cromwell’s hostility to the Irish was religious as well as political. He was passionately opposed to the Roman Catholic Church, which he saw as denying the primacy of the Bible in favour of papal and clerical authority, and which he blamed for suspected tyranny and persecution of Protestants in Europe.[39] Cromwell’s association of Catholicism with persecution was deepened with the Irish Rebellion of 1641. This rebellion, although intended to be bloodless, was marked by massacres of English and Scottish Protestant settlers by Irish and Old English, and Highland Scot Catholics in Ireland. These settlers had settled on land seized from former, native Catholic owners to make way for the non-native Protestants. These factors contributed to the brutality of the Cromwell military campaign in Ireland.[40]
Parliament had planned to re-conquer Ireland since 1641 and had already sent an invasion force there in 1647. Cromwell’s invasion of 1649 was much larger and, with the civil war in England over, could be regularly reinforced and re-supplied. His nine month military campaign was brief and effective, though it did not end the war in Ireland. Before his invasion, Parliamentarian forces held only outposts in Dublin and Derry. When he departed Ireland, they occupied most of the eastern and northern parts of the country. After his landing at Dublin on 15 August 1649 (itself only recently defended from an Irish and English Royalist attack at the battle of Rathmines), Cromwell took the fortified port towns of Drogheda and Wexford to secure logistical supply from England. At the siege of Drogheda in September 1649, Cromwell’s troops massacred nearly 3,500 people after the town’s capture—comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including some civilians, prisoners, and Roman Catholic priests.[41] Cromwell wrote afterwards that:
“I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgment of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbued their hands in so much innocent blood and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are satisfactory grounds for such actions, which otherwise cannot but work remorse and regret.”[42]
At the Siege of Wexford in October, another massacre took place under confused circumstances. While Cromwell was apparently trying to negotiate surrender terms, some of his soldiers broke into the town, massacred 2,000 Irish troops and up to 1,500 civilians, and burned much of the town.[43] No disciplinary actions were taken against his forces subsequent to this second massacre.
After the taking of Drogheda, Cromwell sent a column north to Ulster to secure the north of the country and went on to besiege Waterford, Kilkenny and Clonmelin Ireland’s south-east. Kilkenny surrendered on terms, as did many other towns like New Ross and Carlow, but Cromwell failed to take Waterford and at the siege of Clonmel in May 1650, he lost up to 2,000 men in abortive assaults before the town surrendered.[44] One of his major victories in Ireland was diplomatic rather than military. With the help of Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Cromwell persuaded the Protestant Royalist troops in Cork to change sides and fight with the Parliament.[45] At this point, word reached Cromwell that Charles II had landed in Scotland and been proclaimed king by the Covenanter regime. Cromwell therefore returned to England from Youghal on 26 May 1650 to counter this threat.[46]
The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland dragged on for almost three years after Cromwell’s departure. The campaigns under Cromwell’s successors Henry Ireton and Edmund Ludlow mostly consisted of long sieges of fortified cities and guerrilla warfare in the countryside. The last Catholic held town, Galway, surrendered in April 1652 and the last Irish troops capitulated in April of the following year.[44]
In the wake of the Commonwealth’s conquest, the public practice of Catholicism was banned and Catholic priests were murdered when captured. In addition, roughly 50,000[47]Irish people were sold into slavery under the Commonwealth.[48] All Catholic-owned land was confiscated in the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and given to Scottish and English settlers, the Parliament’s financial creditors and Parliamentary soldiers. The remaining Catholic landowners were allocated poorer land in the province of Connacht—this led to the Cromwellian attributed phrase “To hell or to Connacht”. Under the Commonwealth, Catholic landownership dropped from 60% of the total to just 8%.
